Correlation between Leadership, Facilities, and Teacher Performance in Private Junior High Schools
Keywords:
Principal leadership, School facilities, Teacher performance, Private schools, Educational qualityAbstract
Teacher performance plays a crucial role in determining the quality and effectiveness of education, particularly in private junior high schools that often face institutional and resource limitations. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between principal leadership and school facilities with teacher performance. Using a quantitative correlational design, the study involved 50 teachers selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires with a five-point Likert scale and analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between principal leadership and teacher performance. Effective leadership practices, such as instructional guidance, participatory decision-making, and supportive supervision, contributed to improved teaching quality. School facilities also had a positive and significant relationship with teacher performance, indicating that adequate infrastructure and learning resources support more effective instructional strategies. Furthermore, regression analysis revealed that principal leadership and school facilities simultaneously contributed significantly to variations in teacher performance. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening principal leadership and continuously improving school facilities to enhance teacher performance and learning quality. This study provides empirical evidence and practical implications for school management and policymakers in improving teacher performance in private secondary education.
References
Barrett, P., Davies, F., Zhang, Y., & Barrett, L. (2019). The impact of classroom design on pupils’ learning: Final results of a holistic, multi-level analysis. Building and Environment, 89, 118–133.
Bond, M. (2020). Facilitating student engagement through technology-enhanced learning: A systematic review. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68(6), 321–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-020-09817-3
Bush, T. (2020). Theories of educational leadership and management (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
Byers, T., Imms, W., & Hartnell-Young, E. (2020). Evaluating teacher and student spatial transition from a traditional classroom to an innovative learning environment. Learning Environments Research, 23(3), 415–430.
Collie, R. J. (2021). COVID-19 and teachers’ somatic burden, stress, and emotional exhaustion: Examining the role of principal leadership and workplace buoyancy. AERA Open, 7, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858420986187
Creemers, B. P. M., & Kyriakides, L. (2020). Improving quality in education: Dynamic approaches to school improvement. Routledge.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
Darling-Hammond, L., Flook, L., Cook-Harvey, C., Barron, B., & Osher, D. (2020). Implications for educational practice of the science of learning and development. Applied Developmental Science, 24(2), 97–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2018.1537791
Earthman, G. I. (2021). School facility conditions and student academic achievement. International Journal of Educational Leadership Preparation, 16(1), 1–18.
Field, A. (2020). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
Graham, C. R. (2021). Current research in blended learning. In M. G. Moore & W. C. Diehl (Eds.), Handbook of distance education (4th ed., pp. 173–188). Routledge.
Grissom, J. A., Egalite, A. J., & Lindsay, C. A. (2021). How principals affect students and schools: A systematic synthesis of two decades of research. The Wallace Foundation.
Hallinger, P., & Wang, W. C. (2021). Assessing instructional leadership with the principal instructional management rating scale. Educational Administration Quarterly, 57(1), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X20926577
Hallinger, P. (2020). Leadership and school performance: A review of empirical evidence and methodological trends. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 48(1), 5–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143219875976
Harris, A. (2020). Distributed leadership matters: Perspectives, practicalities, and potential. Corwin Press.
Harris, A., & Jones, M. (2022). COVID-19, school leadership and educational change.School Leadership & Management, 42(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2021.2013049
Hodges, C., Moore, S., Lockee, B., Trust, T., & Bond, A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. Educause Review, 27, 1–12.
Hoy, W. K., Tarter, C. J., & Hoy, A. W. (2021). Academic optimism: Culture and climate for student achievement. Routledge.
Kim, L. E., & Asbury, K. (2020). ‘Like a rug had been pulled from under you’: Teachers’ experiences during COVID-19. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(4), 1062–1083. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12381
Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2020). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership revisited. School Leadership & Management, 40(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2019.1596077
Liu, S., & Hallinger, P. (2020). Principal instructional leadership, teacher self-efficacy, and teacher professional learning. Educational Administration Quarterly, 56(4), 629–662. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X19878777
OECD. (2021). Education at a glance 2021: OECD indicators. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/b35a14e5-en
OECD. (2022). Teachers’ well-being: Insights from TALIS 2018. OECD Publishing.
Schleicher, A. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on education: Insights from education at a glance. OECD Publishing.
Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2020). Teacher burnout: Relations between dimensions of burnout and school context. Teaching and Teacher Education, 95, 103–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103125
Spillane, J. P. (2021). Distributed leadership. Jossey-Bass.
Stronge, J. H. (2019). Qualities of effective teachers (3rd ed.). ASCD.
Sun, J., & Leithwood, K. (2020). Transformational school leadership effects on student achievement. Educational Administration Quarterly, 56(3), 1–34.
Toropova, A., Myrberg, E., & Johansson, S. (2021). Teacher job satisfaction: The importance of school working conditions. Educational Review, 73(1), 71–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2019.1705247
Uline, C., Tschannen-Moran, M., & Wolsey, T. (2020). The walls speak: The interplay of quality facilities, school climate, and student achievement. Journal of Educational Administration, 58(5), 1–18.
UNESCO. (2023). Global education monitoring report 2023. UNESCO Publishing.
UNICEF. (2023). Transforming education through digital learning. UNICEF Publications.
World Bank. (2022). Reimagining human connections: Technology and innovation in education. World Bank Publications.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Lina Zilla (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.







